Few medical procedures in history have generated as much controversy as lobotomy. Tens of thousands of lobotomy were performed in the United States in the mid-20th century, often with devastating results.
A lobectomy, also called a leukotomy, is a type of psychological surgery that is used to treat mental health conditions such as mood disorders and schizophrenia. Psychosurgery is procedures that involve the physical removal or alteration of a part of the brain.
Lobular operations involve separating tissue in an area called the prefrontal cortex in one of two basic ways:
- Frontal lobe cleft. The surgeon drilled a hole in each side of the skull and cut out the brain tissue with an ice pick-like instrument called a leucotome.
- Trans-orbital lobotomy. The surgeon inserted the leukotum through the eye socket and pushed it through a thin layer of bone with a hammer to reach the brain.
These procedures are no longer performed in the United States, but some other types of psychosurgery are still performed when other treatments have failed. Read on to learn more about why lobotomy is traditionally performed and why psychosurgery is used today.
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In Europe, the Soviet Union banned lobule operations in
Some other types of psychological surgery are still used today, such as:
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- Anterior capsulotomy
- Cut the path under the sip
- limbal hematopoiesis
- callus few
With advances in medicine, psychiatric surgery is rarely performed. Surgery is usually only used when all other treatment options have failed. Surgical techniques still in use today include:
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Anterior capsulotomy
Anterior capsulotomy is a potential treatment for severe obsessive-compulsive disorder that does not respond to psychotherapy and medication. It involves changing the part of the brain that carries information from the thalamus and brainstem to the frontal lobe area.
In a 2019 review, researchers found that of the 512 people who received treatment from 1961 to 2018, 73 percent responded to surgery and 24 percent saw their symptoms resolve.
Cut the way under the slave
Subcutaneous angioplasty can be used for treatment
limbal hematopoiesis
A limbal hemotomy is a combination of subcutaneous tractotomy and girdle ablation. It has been performed since the 1970s to treat mood disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
corpus callosum cut
Cutting the corpus callosum involves cutting the corpus callosum, which is a group of nerves that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres. at
Lobotomies were considered experimental even at the height of their popularity. Although some people noticed improvements in their conditions, many others experienced life-altering side effects, or even died.
One of the most notable cases of lobectomy failure was the case of Rosemary Kennedy, the younger sister of John F. Kennedy. After she underwent surgery in 1941 to treat seizures and severe changes in mood, she lost her ability to walk or speak. Her personality changed permanently, and she developed a physical disability.
The risks of psychosurgery include the risk of death and:
Antonio Egas Muniz and colleague Almeida Lima are credited with developing the surgery in 1935. They promoted the frontal lobotomy procedure throughout Europe, despite keeping poor patient records and a lack of evidence of efficacy. The procedure quickly gained popularity, although thousands of people experienced severe side effects and results, such as seizures, infections, and death.
American neurologist Walter Freeman and surgeon James Watts endorsed the procedure in America. Influenced by an Italian colleague, Freeman eventually switched to the transorbital method, in which an ice stick-like instrument is inserted through the eye socket to reach the brain. He spread the surgery enthusiastically across North America, despite performing random surgeries without proper sterilization.
Tens of thousands of lobotomy were performed in the United States between the 1930s and 1960s, often
Despite the risks of severe side effects and outcomes, lobotomy was once used to treat many mental health conditions, including schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder. Nowadays, treatment for mental health conditions largely consists of medication and psychotherapy.
Antipsychotics and other medications
Antipsychotics are often the initial treatment for acute episodes of schizophrenia. They block the effects of the neurotransmitter dopamine on your brain to reduce feelings of anxiety or aggression as well as hallucinations and delusional thoughts.
Many other types of medication are also used to treat mental health conditions, including:
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, is a common type of mental health treatment. It can be taken alone or in combination with medications. There are many types of psychotherapy used to treat mental health conditions. They include:
Hospital treatment
Some people with severe mental health conditions may require admission to a medical facility. Laws vary by state, but in most states, a person can be held in an involuntary facility if they pose a danger to themselves or others.
They were surgeries that involved changing a part of the brain called the prefrontal cortex. Sometimes these surgeries are performed without consent and without proper sterilization, although there is no evidence of their effectiveness.
Lobectomy is no longer performed and has been largely replaced by medication. Some other types of psychiatric surgery are done very rarely to treat conditions such as severe depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder that don’t respond to other treatments. These surgeries are considered a last resort.
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